eprintid: 10138398 rev_number: 26 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/10/13/83/98 datestamp: 2021-11-16 15:57:38 lastmod: 2022-04-25 16:13:44 status_changed: 2022-04-25 16:13:44 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Gondek, D creators_name: Lacey, R creators_name: Blanchflower, D creators_name: Patalay, P title: How is the distribution of psychological distress changing over time? Who is driving these changes? Analysis of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts ispublished: inpress divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: D14 divisions: GA3 divisions: G17 divisions: D12 divisions: G19 keywords: Psychological distress, Distribution, British birth cohorts, Age efects, Cohort efects note: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. abstract: AIMS: The main objective of this study was to investigate distributional shifts underlying observed age and cohort differences in mean levels of psychological distress in the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. METHODS: This study used data from the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts (n = 24,707). Psychological distress was measured by the Malaise Inventory at ages 23, 33, 42 and 50 in the 1958 cohort and 26, 34, 42 and 46–48 in the 1970 cohort. RESULTS: The shifts in the distribution across age appear to be mainly due to changing proportion of those with moderate symptoms, except for midlife (age 42–50) when we observed polarisation in distress— an increase in proportions of people with no symptoms and multiple symptoms. The elevated levels of distress in the 1970 cohort, compared with the 1958 cohort, appeared to be due to an increase in the proportion of individuals with both moderate and high symptoms. For instance, at age 33/34 42.3% endorsed at least two symptoms in the 1970 cohort vs 24.7% in 1958, resulting in a shift in the entire distribution of distress towards the more severe end of the spectrum. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the importance of studying not only mean levels of distress over time, but also the underlying shifts in its distribution. Due to the large dispersion of distress scores at any given measurement occasion, understanding the underlying distribution provides a more complete picture of population trends. date: 2021-11-22 date_type: published publisher: Springer Verlag official_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02206-6 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1901076 doi: 10.1007/s00127-021-02206-6 lyricists_name: Lacey, Rebecca lyricists_name: Patalay, Praveetha lyricists_id: RELAC84 lyricists_id: PATAL55 actors_name: Dewerpe, Marie actors_id: MDDEW97 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology citation: Gondek, D; Lacey, R; Blanchflower, D; Patalay, P; (2021) How is the distribution of psychological distress changing over time? Who is driving these changes? Analysis of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 10.1007/s00127-021-02206-6 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02206-6>. (In press). Green open access document_url: https://discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10138398/9/Lacey_Gondek2021_Article_HowIsTheDistributionOfPsycholo.pdf