TY  - INPR
AV  - public
KW  - On-demand drug release
Controlled release
Stimuli responsive drug delivery
KW  - 
Electrical stimuli
KW  - 
Electro-active polymers
KW  - 
Additive manufacturing
KW  - 
Semi-solid extrusion (SSE)
KW  - 
Direct ink writing (DIW)
N1  - © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
ID  - discovery10194434
SN  - 2590-0498
TI  - 3D printed electro-responsive system with programmable drug release
VL  - 23
A1  - Alkahtani, Manal E
A1  - Sun, Siyuan
A1  - Chapman, Christopher AR
A1  - Gaisford, Simon
A1  - Orlu, Mine
A1  - Elbadawi, Moe
A1  - Basit, Abdul W
Y1  - 2024/08//
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtadv.2024.100509
JF  - Materials Today Advances
N2  - Precision medicine is the next frontier in pharmaceutical research, aiming to improve the safety and efficacy of
therapeutics for patients. The ideal drug delivery system (DDS) should be programmable to provide real-time
controlled delivery that is personalised to the patient?s needs. However, little progress has been made in this
domain. Herein, we combined two cutting-edge technologies, conductive polymers (CPs) and three-dimensional
(3D) printing, to demonstrate their potential for achieving programmable controlled release. A DDS was
formulated where the CP provided temporal control over drug release. 3D printing was used to ensure dimensional control over the design of the DDS. The CP used in this study is known to be fragile, and thus was blended
with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to achieve a conductive elastomer with sound mechanical properties.
Rheological and mechanical analyses were performed, where it was revealed that formulation inks with a storage
modulus in the order of 103
?104 Pa were both extrudable and maintained their structural integrity. Physicochemical analysis confirmed the presence of the CP functional groups in the 3D printed DDS. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the DDS remained conductive for 100 stimulations. in vitro drug release was performed
for 180 min at varying voltages, where a significant difference (p < 0.05) in cumulative release was observed
between either ±1.0 V and passive release. Furthermore, the responsiveness of the DDS to pulsatile stimuli was
tested, where it was found to rapidly respond to the voltage stimuli, consequently altering the release mechanism. The study is the first to 3D print electroactive medicines using CPs and paves the way for digitalising DDS
that can be integrated into the Internet of Things (IoT) framework.
PB  - Elsevier BV
ER  -