Smallman, M; Patel, T; (2018) RRI Research Landscape. SISCODE: Milan, Italy.

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Abstract

The EU has funded a range of projects and produced a number of policies that identify co-creation as an important part of RRI. Despite co-creation not being referred to as one of the pillars of RRI, one of the key requirements of RRI is for societal actors to work together during the whole R&I process so that the outcomes are better aligned with the values of society. In particular, projects argue that involving citizens in shaping technology and innovation is a key way of bringing science and society closer together. Rather than co-creation, the term ‘public engagement’ has tended to be used in RRI when referring to participatory activities. • Projects working on conceptions of RRI aspire to citizen-led practices, in which citizens become the decision-makers and exhibit higher levels of control. Within this approach, science, as much as the public, are problematized and subject to debate and contestation. • In practice however, the level of participation adopted by projects that operationalize RRI range from co-creation to consultation, with many tending to fall towards the consultation end of the spectrum. • Throughout policy, theory and practice, there were calls to institutionalise co-creation processes such that participants are sufficiently rewarded to take part and that it becomes embedded in the innovation process. • Methods and objectives of co-creation need to be explicit and carefully selected to be appropriate to the subject, context and people. There may be differences between the national-level institutional, regulatory and industrial policy making structures, making certain types of co-creation activities naturally more successful in certain contexts.

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