Pinder, Andrew Daleth Jeremy; (1999) Analysis of dynamic lifting exertions performed by males and females on a hydrodynamometer. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D.), University College London (United Kingdom).

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Abstract

Gender differences in physical capability have implications for worker selection policies. Ability to perform maximal dynamic lifts under controlled conditions is known to be related to ability to carry out physically heavy employment. The mechanics of muscular contraction are reviewed in the context of the measurement of dynamic strength. Gender differences in dynamic strength are reviewed in the context of the performance of military tasks. The principles of fluid mechanics governing the operation of a hydro-resistive dynamometer and its instrumentation and calibration are described, with experimental protocols and methods of data collection. The relationship between force and velocity can be controlled and measurements are repeatable. Subjects performed maximal dynamic lifts from 0.4 m from the ground to above 1.8 m. Force, position and time were measured, and related measures derived. Usable data from 201 male and 69 female serving soldiers are reported. Relationships between the different parts of the lift are modelled using linear regression. Differences in performance between subjects from different military employment groups are explored, as are differences in lifting technique. Gender differences are identified using analysis of covariance. Relative to stature, males and females lift in the same manner. The gender differences almost completely disappear when differences in fat-free mass are taken into account across the range of the lift. Principal Components Analysis is used to study the underlying features which affect the variability of the lift. The most important factors are the strength of the initial pulling phase and the need to change grip at chest height. The factors obtained are device dependent. Absolute gender differences in strength limit the entry of women into physically demanding jobs. Therefore, if selection on the basis of gender is to be avoided, actual ability to perform the job should be the paramount selection criterion.

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