Owen, J; Kamila, S; Shrivastava, S; Carugo, D; Bernardino de la Serna, J; Mannaris, C; Pereno, V; ... Stride, E; + view all Owen, J; Kamila, S; Shrivastava, S; Carugo, D; Bernardino de la Serna, J; Mannaris, C; Pereno, V; Browning, R; Beguin, E; McHale, AP; Callan, JF; Stride, E; - view fewer (2019) The Role of PEG-40-stearate in the Production, Morphology, and Stability of Microbubbles. Langmuir , 35 (31) pp. 10014-10024. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02516.

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Abstract

Phospholipid coated microbubbles are currently in widespread clinical use as ultrasound contrast agents and under investigation for therapeutic applications. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the coating nanostructure in determining microbubble stability and its dependence upon both composition and processing method. While the influence of different phospholipids has been widely investigated, the role of other constituents such as emulsifiers has received comparatively little attention. Herein, we present an examination of the impact of polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives upon microbubble structure and properties. We present data using both pegylated phospholipids and a fluorescent PEG-40-stearate analogue synthesized in-house to directly observe its distribution in the microbubble coating. We examined microbubbles of clinically relevant sizes, investigating both their surface properties and population size distribution and stability. Domain formation was observed only on the surface of larger microbubbles, which were found to contain a higher concentration of PEG-40-stearate. Lipid analogue dyes were also found to influence domain formation compared with PEG-40-stearate alone. "Squeezing out" of PEG-40-stearate was not observed from any of the microbubble sizes investigated. At ambient temperature, microbubbles formulated with DSPE-PEG(2000) were found to be more stable than those containing PEG-40-stearate. At 37 °C, however, the stability in serum was found to be the same for both formulations, and no difference in acoustic backscatter was detected. This could potentially reduce the cost of PEGylated microbubbles and facilitate simpler attachment of targeting or therapeutic species. However, whether PEG-40-stearate sufficiently shields microbubbles to inhibit physiological clearance mechanisms still requires investigation.

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