Nafilyan, V; Islam, N; Mathur, R; Ayoubkhani, D; Banerjee, A; Glickman, M; Humberstone, B; ... Khunti, K; + view all Nafilyan, V; Islam, N; Mathur, R; Ayoubkhani, D; Banerjee, A; Glickman, M; Humberstone, B; Diamond, I; Khunti, K; - view fewer (2021) Ethnic differences in COVID-19 mortality during the first two waves of the Coronavirus Pandemic: a nationwide cohort study of 29 million adults in England. European Journal of Epidemiology 10.1007/s10654-021-00765-1.

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Abstract

Ethnic minorities have experienced disproportionate COVID-19 mortality rates in the UK and many other countries. We compared the diferences in the risk of COVID-19 related death between ethnic groups in the frst and second waves the of COVID-19 pandemic in England. We also investigated whether the factors explaining diferences in COVID-19 death between ethnic groups changed between the two waves. Using data from the Ofce for National Statistics Public Health Data Asset, a linked dataset combining the 2011 Census with primary care and hospital records and death registrations, we conducted an observational cohort study to examine diferences in the risk of death involving COVID-19 between ethnic groups in the frst wave (from 24th January 2020 until 31st August 2020) and the frst part of the second wave (from 1st September to 28th December 2020). We estimated age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) in the two waves stratifed by ethnic groups and sex. We also estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for ethnic-minority groups compared with the White British population, adjusted for geographical factors, socio-demographic characteristics, and pre-pandemic health conditions. The study population included over 28.9 million individuals aged 30–100 years living in private households. In the frst wave, all ethnic minority groups had a higher risk of COVID-19 related death compared to the White British population. In the second wave, the risk of COVID-19 death remained elevated for people from Pakistani (ASMR: 339.9 [95% CI: 303.7–376.2] and 166.8 [141.7–191.9] deaths per 100,000 population in men and women) and Bangladeshi (318.7 [247.4–390.1] and 127.1 [91.1–171.3] in men and women) background but not for people from Black ethnic groups. Adjustment for geographical factors explained a large proportion of the diferences in COVID-19 mortality in the frst wave but not in the second wave. Despite an attenuation of the elevated risk of COVID-19 mortality after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and health status, the risk was substantially higher in people from Bangladeshi and Pakistani background in both the frst and the second waves. Between the frst and second waves of the pandemic, the reduction in the diference in COVID-19 mortality between people from Black ethnic background and people from the White British group shows that ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality can be addressed. The continued higher rate of mortality in people from Bangladeshi and Pakistani background is alarming and requires focused public health campaign and policy changes.

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