Becchetti, L;
Conzo, G;
Conzo, P;
Salustri, F;
(2022)
Understanding the heterogeneity of COVID-19 deaths and contagions: The role of air pollution and lockdown decisions.
Journal of Environmental Management
, 305
, Article 114316. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114316.
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Abstract
The uneven geographical distribution of the novel coronavirus epidemic (COVID-19) in Italy is a puzzle given the intense flow of movements among the different geographical areas before lockdown decisions. To shed light on it, we test the effect of the quality of air (as measured by particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide) and lockdown restrictions on daily adverse COVID-19 outcomes during the first pandemic wave in the country. We find that air pollution is positively correlated with adverse outcomes of the pandemic, with lockdown being strongly significant and more effective in reducing deceases in more polluted areas. Results are robust to different methods including cross-section, pooled and fixed-effect panel regressions (controlling for spatial correlation), instrumental variable regressions, and difference-in-differences estimates of lockdown decisions through predicted counterfactual trends. They are consistent with the consolidated body of literature in previous medical studies suggesting that poor quality of air creates chronic exposure to adverse outcomes from respiratory diseases. The estimated correlation does not change when accounting for other factors such as temperature, commuting flows, quality of regional health systems, share of public transport users, population density, the presence of Chinese community, and proxies for industry breakdown such as the share of small (artisan) firms. Our findings provide suggestions for investigating uneven geographical distribution patterns in other countries, and have implications for environmental and lockdown policies.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Understanding the heterogeneity of COVID-19 deaths and contagions: The role of air pollution and lockdown decisions |
| Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114316 |
| Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114316 |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | This version is the version of record. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher’s terms and conditions. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 pandemic, Particulate matter, Lockdown, Economic activity |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute for Global Health |
| URI: | https://discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10141664 |
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