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Black Phosphorus Degradation during Intercalation and Alloying in Batteries

Said, Samia; Zhang, Zhenyu; Shutt, Rebecca RC; Lancaster, Hector J; Brett, Dan JL; Howard, Christopher A; Miller, Thomas S; (2023) Black Phosphorus Degradation during Intercalation and Alloying in Batteries. ACS Nano 10.1021/acsnano.2c08776. Green open access

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Abstract

Numerous layered materials are being recognized as promising candidates for high-performance alkali-ion battery anodes, but black phosphorus (BP) has received particular attention. This is due to its high specific capacity, due to a mixed alkali-ion storage mechanism (intercalation-alloying), and fast alkali-ion transport within its layers. Unfortunately, BP based batteries are also commonly associated with serious irreversible losses and poor cycling stability. This is known to be linked to alloying, but there is little experimental evidence of the morphological, mechanical, or chemical changes that BP undergoes in operational cells and thus little understanding of the factors that must be mitigated to optimize performance. Here the degradation mechanisms of BP alkali-ion battery anodes are revealed through operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) and ex situ spectroscopy. Among other phenomena, BP is observed to wrinkle and deform during intercalation but suffers from complete structural breakdown upon alloying. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is also found to be unstable, nucleating at defects before spreading across the basal planes but then disintegrating upon desodiation, even above alloying potentials. By directly linking these localized phenomena with the whole-cell performance, we can now engineer stabilizing protocols for next-generation high-capacity alkali-ion batteries.

Type: Article
Title: Black Phosphorus Degradation during Intercalation and Alloying in Batteries
Location: United States
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08776
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c08776
Language: English
Additional information: © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Keywords: 2D nanomaterials, EC-AFM, electrochemical atomic force microscopy, lithium ion battery, sodium ion battery
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Dept of Chemical Engineering
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences > Dept of Physics and Astronomy
URI: https://discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10167481
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