McCarthy, Sally; Gulabivala, Kishor; Harvey, Simon; St George, Geoffrey; Ng, Yuan; (2025) Endodontic sequelae associated with repetitive impacts to the dento-facial region during boxing activities. International Endodontic Journal (In press).

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Abstract

Aims: To explore self-reported dento-facial trauma and their potential endodontic sequelae in boxers using a questionnaire, followed by clinical and radiographic assessment to: (1) compare the nature and number of self-reported dento-facial injuries with physical evidence of injury sequelae; and (2) investigate potential risk factors influencing dentofacial trauma and their endodontic sequelae. // Methodology: A focus-group validated questionnaire was completed by 176 boxers recruited from 16 London boxing clubs; 61 boxers from this cohort then attended a London dental hospital, for a clinical and radiographic assessment. Data from the questionnaire and clinical assessments were then collated and analysed using chi-squared or t-tests.// Results: Questionnaire data revealed 87.5% of boxers reported a history of dento-facial trauma during boxing activity. The clinical and radiographic assessment detected evidence of dento-facial trauma in 91.8% of boxers and dental injury or endodontic related-injury sequelae in 68.9% of boxers. There was a significant association between dentofacial trauma and boxers who did not participate in weekly neck weight sessions (p<0.001), and there was a significant association between trauma-related endodontic sequelae and: boxer age (p=0.01); competitions per month (p=0.002); and defensive skill (p=0.007). // Conclusions: A majority of the cohort had suffered dento-facial injuries and endodontic sequelae. The questionnaire data under-reported musculoskeletal injuries and endodontic sequelae, suggestive that some hard tissue injuries following repetitive dento-facial trauma may have a subclinical presentation. Injury risk may be related to increased boxer age, defensive skills, frequency of participation in competitions and frequency of neck weight sessions per week.

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