Azhari, Rayan; (2025) London and UK Office Buildings Investigating energy use and landlord/tenant influences. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London).

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Abstract

This research addresses the critical need to reduce emissions in developed countries' existing building stock, particularly in the UK, where a significant portion (73%) of non-domestic buildings predates key energy regulations. Approximately 70% of current non-domestic buildings are expected to exist beyond 2050. Addressing both existing and new buildings is vital for the UK's commitment to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (ODPM, 2005). This study analyses operational energy use intensity (EUI) and its relationship with the characteristics of office buildings, including form, shape, energy supply, and HVAC systems. Additionally, the impact of energy management practices and landlord-tenant relationships on operational energy use is investigated through insightful semi-structured interviews, providing valuable perspectives on the operational dynamics and their influence on energy performance. Utilising the empirical model 3DStock, the findings reveal that 30% of London's office buildings with areas exceeding 1,000m2 occupy 85% of the total floor area and consume 89% of the overall energy used by office buildings. Statistical analysis demonstrates that building characteristics explain 18% of the variation in electricity EUI and 4% of gas EUI. Interviews conducted during this research highlight substantial energy-saving potential through effective energy management practices, operational optimisations, and positive landlord-tenant relationships. Past interviewees reported achieving notable energy reductions (38% to 78%) over a decade by targeting easily attainable improvements, emphasising the importance of implementing simple mechanisms, engaging stakeholders, and aligning objectives for energy reduction goals. Factors such as reputation and costs motivate the interviewed organisations to reduce energy demand and carbon footprint. This research contributes significantly to understanding the UK's existing building stock, focusing on office buildings in Greater London. The results hold relevance for policymakers, building owners, and stakeholders working towards sustainability objectives, providing crucial insights for achieving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in the built environment.

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