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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000 Year Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus

Lee, OY-C; Wu, HHT; Donoghue, HD; Spigelman, M; Greenblatt, CL; Bull, ID; Rothschild, BM; ... Besra, GS; + view all (2012) Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000 Year Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus. PLoS One , 7 (7) , Article e41923. 10.1371/journal.pone.0041923. Green open access

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Abstract

Tracing the evolution of ancient diseases depends on the availability and accessibility of suitable biomarkers in archaeological specimens. DNA is potentially information-rich but it depends on a favourable environment for preservation. In the case of the major mycobacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, robust lipid biomarkers are established as alternatives or complements to DNA analyses. A DNA report, a decade ago, suggested that a 17,000 year old skeleton of extinct Bison antiquus, from Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, was the oldest known case of tuberculosis. In the current study, key mycobacterial lipid virulence factor biomarkers were detected in the same two samples from this bison. Fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated the presence of mycolic acids of the mycobacterial type, but they were degraded and could not be precisely correlated with tuberculosis. However, pristine profiles of C29, C30 and C32 mycocerosates and C27 mycolipenates, typical of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, were recorded by negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry of pentafluorobenzyl ester derivatives. These findings were supported by the detection of C34 and C36 phthiocerols, which are usually esterified to the mycocerosates. The existence of Pleistocene tuberculosis in the Americas is confirmed and there are many even older animal bones with well-characterised tuberculous lesions similar to those on the analysed sample. In the absence of any evidence of tuberculosis in human skeletons older than 9,000 years BP, the hypothesis that this disease evolved as a zoonosis, before transfer to humans, is given detailed consideration and discussion.

Type: Article
Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Lipid Virulence Factors Preserved in the 17,000 Year Old Skeleton of an Extinct Bison, Bison antiquus
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041923
Publisher version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041923
Language: English
Additional information: © Lee et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Lipids, Paleopathology, Skeletons, Tuberculosis
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences > Div of Infection and Immunity
URI: https://discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1352696
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